Retraction Policy

Legal limitations of the publisher, copyright holder, or author(s), infringements of professional, ethical codes, such as multiple submissions, bogus claims of authorship, plagiarism, fraudulent use of data, or any major misconduct require retraction of an article.

Occasionally a retraction can be used to correct numerous serious errors which cannot be covered by publishing corrections. A retraction may be published by the Editor-in-Chief / Editorial Board, the author(s), or both parties consensually.

The retraction took the form of a separate item listed in the contents and labeled as "Retraction." The original article is retained unchanged, except for a watermark on the PDF indicating on each page that it is “retracted.”